PICTURE 19: The title page of Hallerstein's observations of Mercury,
published by the Petersburg Academy (Novi Commentarii. 9: 503).
PICTURE 20: Photograph of the observatory in Beijing about the year
1925. The second apparatus on the right is the Sphaera Armillaris (Jiheng
fuchengyi,
chi heng fu chhen i) according to the equatorial system built after
1744 by Kögler, Hallerstein, Gogeisl and probably also the Frenchmen,
Gaubil
and de la Charme. The instruments were moved to Nanking and later back
to Beijing. In the first decades of the 20th century one of them was
kept for a while at Potsdam (Needham, 1959, 3: 450/451 (plate 67).
PICTURE 21: Huntian he qizheng (Needham, 1959, 3: 450/451, plate 60).
On November 7, 1756 the transition of Mercury was not observable in Europe
because the sun was under the horizon there. The next transition of Mercury
was expected only on November 9, 1769, and therefore Hallerstein and Gaubil's
measurements were expected with curiosity.
PICTURE 22: The first page of Beijing observations of the transition of
Venus in 1769 (Phil.Trans. 1774 64: 34).
PICTURE 25: Hallerstein's scheme for computing the minimal distance between
two points in space (Hallerstein, 1774, 18: fig. I, II)
The geometrical demonstrations were much more common to Bo¹koviæ, Hallerstein, and other Jesuits than the more modern mathematical ways using calculus. On the other hand, Chinese mathematicians seldom used geometry, which also influenced the astronomy. In that way, the Chinese did not feel a serious need for geometrical or mechanical models for the universe and the solar system before the arrival of the Jesuits.
PICTURE 26: Du Halde's imitation of the sketch of the observatory of Beijing,
published in Verbiest's book in 1687 (Sitar, 1983, 113).
PICTURE 27: The words on a Hallerstein's tombstone in the Portuguese Jesuit
cemetery in Beijing (©mitek, 1995, 127).
PICTURE 28: Chinese map of nebulas, made between the years 1744 and 1754 by Hallerstein and collaborators (Tsuchihashi, P., Chevalier, Stanislas, S.J. 1914. Catalogue d'Étoiles fixes, observés a Pekin sous l'Empereur Kien Long (Qianlong (Chhien-Lung)), XVIIIe siecle. Observatoire de Zi-ka-wei. Annales de l'Observatoire Astronomique de Zo-Se (Chine). Chang-Hai: Mission Catholique. Vol. 7 (1911) No. 4: IV).
PICTURE 29: Chinese map of nebulas, made between the years 1744 and 1754
by Hallerstein and collaborators (Tsuchihashi. P., Chevalier, Stanislas,
S.J. 1914. Catalogue d'Étoiles fixes, observés a Pekin sous l'Empereur
Kien Long (Qianlong (Chhien-Lung)), XVIIIe siecle. Observatoire de Zi-ka-wei.
Annales de l'Observatoire Astronomique de Zo-Se (Chine). Chang-Hai: Mission
Catholique. Vol. 7 (1911) No. 4: IV).
PICTURE 30: Aepinus' pictures describing the experiments of Beijing Jesuits
(Aepinus. 1761. Descriptio ac explicatio novorum quorundam experimetorum
electricorum, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae.
1758-1759. 7: 302).
PICTURE 31: Hallerstein's Aurora Borealis from the year 1770, as seen
in Paris (Angot, 1896, pp. 24/25, picture 7).
PICTURE 32: French vacuum pump (Pouillet. 1853. Éléments de physique expérimentale
et de météorologie. Paris: Hachette. Plate 5, fig 1, 2).
.jpg)
PICTURE 33: M Horace Benedict de Saussure (1740-1799) from the Uni-versity
of Geneva made the mano¬meter that was also used in the Ljub¬ljanese physics
cabinet (Pouillet. 1853. Éléments de physique expéri¬mentale et de météorologie.
Paris: Hachette. Plate 5, fig 1, 2, 19).
PICTURE 34: Hallerstein's description of the karst province of Mu-Lan
(Phil. Trans. 1753 (1751-1752) 47: 322).